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European Review For Medical and... Dec 2023Previous studies have often observed a possible association between thyroid and fatty liver diseases. The pathogenesis of both diseases is complex, with many confounding...
OBJECTIVE
Previous studies have often observed a possible association between thyroid and fatty liver diseases. The pathogenesis of both diseases is complex, with many confounding factors and controversies. We used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to test the causality between thyroid disease and the risk of developing fatty liver disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All data were obtained from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) Catalog database. Thyroid disorders include hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, autoimmune thyroiditis, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Fatty liver diseases include alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was used for MR analysis, and sensitivity analysis was further performed to test its robustness.
RESULTS
We discovered no causal relationship between thyroid disease and alcoholic fatty liver disease after excluding weak instrumental variables (IVs). Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism had a significant causal relationship with NAFLD. Hypothyroidism increased the risk of NAFLD using the IVW method (OR=7.62, 95% CI: 2.61-22.25, p<0.001). MR-Egger regression did not suggest potential evidence of directional pleiotropy (intercept, p=0.698). Hyperthyroidism also significantly increased the risk of NAFLD (OR=11.83, 95% CI: 2.9-22.54, p=0.026). MR-Egger regression did not suggest any potential directional pleiotropy (intercept, p=0.295).
CONCLUSIONS
Hypothyroidism can significantly increase NAFLD incidence, and hyperthyroidism may be a risk factor for NAFLD.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Fatty Liver, Alcoholic; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Thyroid Diseases; Hypothyroidism; Hyperthyroidism; Hashimoto Disease; Nonoxynol
PubMed: 38095388
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202312_34579 -
Current Opinion in Endocrinology,... Oct 2012To summarize the mechanisms of iodine-induced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, identify the risk factors for thyroid dysfunction following an iodine load, and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To summarize the mechanisms of iodine-induced hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, identify the risk factors for thyroid dysfunction following an iodine load, and summarize the major sources of excess iodine exposure.
RECENT FINDINGS
Excess iodine is generally well tolerated, but individuals with underlying thyroid disease or other risk factors may be susceptible to iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction following acute or chronic exposure. Sources of increased iodine exposure include the global public health efforts of iodine supplementation, the escalating use of iodinated contrast radiologic studies, amiodarone administration in vulnerable patients, excess seaweed consumption, and various miscellaneous sources.
SUMMARY
Iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction may be subclinical or overt. Recognition of the association between iodine excess and iodine-induced hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is important in the differential diagnosis of patients who present without a known cause of thyroid dysfunction.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Amiodarone; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Infant; Iodine; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Middle Aged; Pregnancy; Seaweed; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Function Tests; Young Adult
PubMed: 22820214
DOI: 10.1097/MED.0b013e3283565bb2 -
Endocrine Journal Nov 2023Long-term stimulation of thyroid follicular epithelium by high growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in patients with acromegaly can lead to...
Long-term stimulation of thyroid follicular epithelium by high growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in patients with acromegaly can lead to thyroid dysfunction, goiter, thyroid nodules, and even thyroid cancer and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Excessive GH/IGF-1 promotes goiter and thyroid nodule formation, which can be reversed by normalizing the IGF-1 levels with surgery or medical treatment. Whether patients with acromegaly have an increased risk of thyroid cancer remains controversial, and routine thyroid ultrasonography and regular cancer screening are recommended in such cases, especially when the nodules possess malignant propensity. TAO is an autoimmune disease and newer treatments are being discovered against it. Recent studies have reported that the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TAO, and the IGF-1R inhibitor teprotumumab involves significantly improved disease endpoints in patients with active TAO. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) and IGF-1R co-immunoprecipitate in orbital and thyroid tissues to form a functional complex; thus, combined therapy targeting TSHR and IGF-1R may be more effective than single therapy.
Topics: Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Acromegaly; Receptor, IGF Type 1; Thyroid Diseases; Graves Ophthalmopathy; Goiter; Receptors, Thyrotropin; Human Growth Hormone; Growth Hormone; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 37880078
DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ23-0356 -
Endocrine Jun 2020The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 is produced by SARS-CoV-2. WHO has declared COVID-19 as a public health emergency, with the most susceptible populations... (Review)
Review
The novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 is produced by SARS-CoV-2. WHO has declared COVID-19 as a public health emergency, with the most susceptible populations (requiring ventilation) being the elderly, pregnant women and people with associated co-morbidities including heart failure, uncontrolled diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and cancer. However, such general guidance does not provide information regarding COVID-19 risks in patients with suffering from pre-existing thyroid problems, and furthermore, we do not know whether patients with COVID-19 (symptomatic or without symptoms), who have not previously had thyroid issues develop endocrine thyroid dysfunction after infection. The European Society for Endocrinology recently published a statement on COVID-19 and endocrine diseases (Endocrine, 2020); however, thyroid diseases were not mentioned specifically. We have therefore reviewed the current literature on thyroid diseases (excluding cancer) and COVID-19, including data from the previous coronavirus pandemic caused by the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a member of the same family Coronaviridae leading to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). At the moment there are no data suggesting that thyroid patients are at higher risk of COVID-19, but this requites further research and data analysis.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Risk Factors; Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroiditis, Autoimmune
PubMed: 32507963
DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02364-8 -
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal Mar 2022Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus often coexist and are closely related. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with... (Review)
Review
Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus often coexist and are closely related. Several studies have shown a higher prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. Thyroid hormone affects glucose homeostasis by impacting pancreatic β-cell development and glucose metabolism through several organs such as the liver, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and the central nervous system. The present review discusses the effect of thyroid hormone on glucose homeostasis. We also review the relationship between thyroid disease and diabetes mellitus: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes, as well as guidelines for screening thyroid function with each disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of the effects of antidiabetic drugs on thyroid hormone and thyroid disorders.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose; Homeostasis; Humans; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Hormones
PubMed: 35385635
DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2022.0013 -
Nutrients Nov 2022Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease all over the world and the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism in areas of iodine... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease all over the world and the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism in areas of iodine sufficiency. The pathogenesis of AITD is multifactorial and depends on complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, with epigenetics being the crucial link. Iron deficiency (ID) can reduce the activities of thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase, inhibit binding of triiodothyronine to its nuclear receptor, and cause slower utilization of T3 from the serum pool. Moreover, ID can disturb the functioning of the immune system, increasing the risk of autoimmune disorders. ID can be responsible for residual symptoms that may persist in patients with AITD, even if their thyrometabolic status has been controlled. The human lifestyle in the 21st century is inevitably associated with exposure to chemical compounds, pathogens, and stress, which implies an increased risk of autoimmune disorders and thyroid dysfunction. To summarize, in our paper we discuss how iron deficiency can impair the functions of the immune system, cause epigenetic changes in human DNA, and potentiate tissue damage by chemicals acting as thyroid disruptors.
Topics: Humans; Iron; Hashimoto Disease; Thyroid Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases
PubMed: 36364944
DOI: 10.3390/nu14214682 -
The Medical Clinics of North America Nov 2021Subclinical thyroid disease is frequently encountered in clinic practice. Although overt thyroid dysfunction has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes,... (Review)
Review
Subclinical thyroid disease is frequently encountered in clinic practice. Although overt thyroid dysfunction has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes, uncertainty remains about the implications of subclinical thyroid disease. Available data suggest that subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Despite this finding, treatment with thyroid hormone has not been consistently demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular risk. Subclinical hyperthyroidism has been associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation and osteoporosis, but the association with cardiovascular disease and death is uncertain. The decision to treat depends on the degree of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression and underlying comorbidities.
Topics: Age Factors; Atrial Fibrillation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Clinical Decision-Making; Cognition Disorders; Comorbidity; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism; Osteoporosis; Risk Factors; Thyroid Diseases; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine
PubMed: 34688413
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.05.014 -
American Family Physician Feb 2014Thyroid disease is the second most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, and when untreated during pregnancy is associated with an increased... (Review)
Review
Thyroid disease is the second most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, and when untreated during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, placental abruption, hypertensive disorders, and growth restriction. Current guidelines recommend targeted screening of women at high risk, including those with a history of thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes mellitus, or other autoimmune disease; current or past use of thyroid therapy; or a family history of autoimmune thyroid disease. Appropriate management results in improved outcomes, demonstrating the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment. In women with hypothyroidism, levothyroxine is titrated to achieve a goal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level less than 2.5 mIU per L. The preferred treatment for hyperthyroidism is antithyroid medications, with a goal of maintaining a serum free thyroxine level in the upper one-third of the normal range. Postpartum thyroiditis is the most common form of postpartum thyroid dysfunction and may present as hyper- or hypothyroidism. Symptomatic treatment is recommended for the former; levothyroxine is indicated for the latter in women who are symptomatic, breastfeeding, or who wish to become pregnant.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Function Tests; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine
PubMed: 24695447
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Thyroid disease instances have rapidly increased in the past few decades; however, the cause of the disease remains unclear. Understanding the pathogenesis of thyroid...
Thyroid disease instances have rapidly increased in the past few decades; however, the cause of the disease remains unclear. Understanding the pathogenesis of thyroid disease will potentially reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, the identified risk factors from existing studies are controversial as they were determined through qualitative analysis and were not further confirmed by quantitative implementations. Association rule mining, as a subset of data mining techniques, is dedicated to revealing underlying correlations among multiple attributes from a complex heterogeneous dataset, making it suitable for thyroid disease pathogenesis identification. This study adopts two association rule mining algorithms (i.e., Apriori and FP-Growth Tree) to identify risk factors correlated with thyroid disease. Extensive experiments were conducted to reach impartial findings with respect to knowledge discovery through two independent digital health datasets. The findings confirmed that gender, hypertension, and obesity are positively related to thyroid disease development. The history of I treatment and Triiodothyronine level can be potential factors for evaluating subsequent thyroid disease.
Topics: Data Mining; Humans; Hypertension; Obesity; Risk Factors; Thyroid Diseases
PubMed: 35923619
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.939367 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is high (22.4%). Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate many metabolic activities in... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of hypothyroidism in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is high (22.4%). Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate many metabolic activities in the liver by promoting the export and oxidation of lipids, as well as de novo lipogenesis. They also control hepatic insulin sensitivity and suppress hepatic gluconeogenesis. Because of its importance in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the involvement of thyroid dysfunction in the pathogenesis of NAFLD seems plausible. The mechanisms implicated in this relationship include high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, low TH levels, and chronic inflammation. The activity of the TH receptor (THR)-β in response to THs is essential in the pathogenesis of hypothyroidism-induced NAFLD. Therefore, an orally active selective liver THR-β agonist, Resmetirom (MGL-3196), was developed, and has been shown to reduce liver fat content, and as a secondary end point, to improve nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The treatment of NAFLD with THR-β agonists seems quite promising, and other agonists are currently under development and investigation. This review aims to shine a light on the pathophysiological and epidemiological evidence regarding this relationship and the effect that treatment with THs and selective liver THR-β agonists have on hepatic lipid metabolism.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Liver; Thyroid Diseases; Thyroid Hormones; Hypothyroidism; Gluconeogenesis
PubMed: 37834051
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914605